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HealthcareAI
Updated on Apr 3, 2025

Top 12 Use Cases in AI for Neurology with Real-Life Examples

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AI-powered diagnostics and predictive analytics help improve accuracy in identifying neurological conditions, assist in early detection, and support decision-making. These advancements help address challenges in healthcare sector by reducing diagnostic delays and enabling efficient patient management.

Explore the top 12 AI for neurology use cases and the ethical considerations healthcare providers should be aware of.

AI for Neuro-oncology

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming an important tool in neuro-oncology, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning for brain tumors. AI models, particularly machine learning (ML) and deep learning algorithms, enhance clinical practice by analyzing complex data, including medical images, patient records, and genomic information, to detect subtle abnormalities and refine treatment strategies.

Watch how AI is improving brain tumor diagnosis:

Video on brain tumor diagnosis with artificial intelligence.

1. Brain tumor management

In brain tumor management, AI systems support clinical decision-making by improving MRI imaging, identifying tumor boundaries, and predicting treatment outcomes. Deep learning models, including artificial neural networks, help analyze medical images and patient data to improve diagnosis and prognosis.

AI algorithms help healthcare providers with treatment planning, from surgery to deep brain stimulation and drug discovery, contributing to more personalized treatment strategies.

2. Healthcare data analysis in neuro-oncology

Beyond imaging, AI in neurology plays a role in natural language processing (NLP) for analyzing electronic health records and integrating AI into clinical trials. These AI models improve data quality and support clinical AI applications, enabling predictive models that supports patient management.

AI-driven approaches also contribute to treating neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, acute stroke, and Alzheimer’s disease, by offering insights into disease progression and treatment responses.

AI for neuro-vascular diseases

AI has various applications for neurovascular disorders that can affect the blood supply in the brain or spinal cord. For instance, AI-enabled CT scanning for hemorrhagic patients allows automation of lesion segmentation and detection of hemorrhagic expansion.

One of the most common and dangerous neurovascular conditions is a stroke, globally ranking as the 2nd leading cause of death.1

Apart from the fatal outcomes, strokes can cause other serious complications for patients, including body paralysis. AI can help treat patients who are affected by strokes by providing personalized treatments.

See how BrainQ and Google are working on an AI-enabled medical device that can be helped to treat stroke patients:

Video explaining BrainQ and Google’s partnership on an AI-enabled medical device that can be helped to treat stroke patients.

3. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) detection

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs when a sudden impact or force damages the brain, often due to accidents such as falls, sports injuries, or motor vehicle collisions. TBIs range from mild concussions to severe brain damage, leading to both short- and long-term health complications.

AI is playing a crucial role in improving TBI detection, diagnosis, and management. Machine learning algorithms and deep learning models analyze medical images, such as CT scans and MRI scans, to detect subtle abnormalities that might be missed by human observation. AI-powered tools can assess brain injuries, classify their severity, and predict potential complications.

NLP can also help with TBI diagnosis by analyzing electronic health records and patient data to identify risk factors and improve treatment planning. Healthcare providers may benefit from predictive models in determining personalized treatment strategies based on clinical data.

Additionally, AI models contribute to research in TBI-related neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and stroke, by identifying patterns in large datasets.

According to a recent study by the University of Cambridge and Imperial College London, AI can be used to successfully and accurately scan medical images and detect different types of brain injuries.2

The image shows ai for neurology use cases, illustrating how AI can scan different brains.

Figure 1: An example of brain scans with AI for early diagnosis.

4. Reducing overuse of medical imaging 

Overuse of medical imaging is another problem in pediatric TBI. Even when a mild injury happens, precautionary CT scans are performed on the child to understand the severity of the damage, and only 10% of these scans end up finding TBI.3

In other words, 90% of the time, the child is needlessly exposed to radiations caused by medical imaging, with the latter producing nothing of significance. 

According to a recent study, deep neural networks can predict the need for CT scans in mild pediatric TBI, thereby reducing the overuse of medical imaging and unnecessary exposure to radiation.4

AI for neurosurgery

Neurosurgery or brain surgery is one of the riskiest and most complicated medical procedures in the field of medicine. Even the most experienced surgeons can make various types of errors and mistakes that can have serious consequences and lead to future health issues for the patient.

AI can help improve pre-operative, intra-operative, and postoperative phases of brain surgery: 

5. Preoperative planning & diagnosis

Medical imaging analysis: AI helps with more accurate interpretation of MRI, CT, and PET scans by identifying tumors, aneurysms, and vascular abnormalities with greater speed and accuracy than traditional methods. This reduces diagnostic errors and helps in early disease detection.

Automated segmentation: AI-powered segmentation tools delineate brain structures, lesions, and blood vessels, allowing for precise mapping of pathological areas. This aids neurosurgeons in planning optimal surgical approaches while minimizing damage to critical brain regions.

Predictive analytics: Machine learning models analyze patient data to predict disease progression, such as glioblastoma growth, stroke risk, or neurodegenerative disorders. These predictive insights help in tailoring personalized treatment strategies.

6. Intraoperative Assistance

Robot-assisted surgery: AI-powered robotic platforms assist in performing minimally invasive procedures with high precision, reducing human error and improving patient safety.

Augmented Reality (AR) & AI integration: AI enhances AR overlays that project imaging data onto the surgical field, providing real-time guidance on brain structures and tumor margins. This increases accuracy during complex neurosurgical procedures.

AI-guided microsurgery: AI aids in microsurgical precision by offering real-time feedback on tissue characteristics and instrument positioning. It can differentiate between healthy and diseased tissues, ensuring safer resection and reduced collateral damage.

Real-life example: ​The ROSA (Robotic Surgical Assistant)

​The ROSA (Robotic Surgical Assistant) technology, developed by Zimmer Biomet and incorporating Stäubli’s six-axis robotic arm, is an FDA-approved surgical robot utilized in over 200 hospitals worldwide.

Designed by surgeons for surgeons, ROSA offers an integrated navigation platform that increases precision in various surgical procedures, including those involving the spine and brain.

ROSA’s key features include:

  • Dynamic tracking: The system comprises two mobile units positioned adjacent to the operating table. One unit is equipped with a camera that continuously monitors the movements of the robotic arm in three dimensions, allowing for real-time adjustments during surgery.
  • Six segrees of freedom: The Stäubli robotic arm offers six degrees of freedom, enabling precise, multidimensional movements that mimic the dexterity of a human hand. This capability is crucial for accessing complex anatomical structures with high accuracy.
  • Minimally invasive surgery support: ROSA facilitates minimally invasive procedures by allowing surgeons to operate through smaller incisions. This approach reduces patient trauma and accelerates recovery times. ​

By integrating advanced robotics with surgical expertise, ROSA technology represents a significant advancement in surgical assistance, aiming to improve patient outcomes and increase the precision of complex surgical interventions.5

An example from ROSA robotic surgical system by Zimmer Biomet, designed for precise neurosurgical procedures.

Figure 2: An example from ROSA robotic surgical system by Zimmer Biomet, designed for precise neurosurgical procedures.

Real-life example: Mazor X Stealth Edition Robotic Guidance Platform

​On June 24, 2022, spine surgeons at University Orthopedics in East Providence, Rhode Island, achieved a significant milestone by performing the state’s first minimally invasive spine surgery using the Mazor X Stealth Edition Robotic Guidance Platform.

The Mazor X Stealth Edition Platform enables surgeons to develop and execute personalized 3D surgical plans for each patient prior to entering the operating room.

During surgery, the system’s robotic arm maintains the precise positioning of instruments, allowing surgeons to make accurate micro-incisions with robotic guidance. This technology aims to increase surgical precision, reduce recovery times, and shorten hospital stays.6

7. Postoperative care & outcome prediction

Patient monitoring: AI-driven systems analyze continuous physiological data from ICU patients, detecting complications like cerebral edema, hemorrhage, or increased intracranial pressure. Early warnings enable prompt intervention, improving survival rates.

AI-based rehabilitation: Machine learning models assess patient progress and predict recovery trajectories, allowing for personalized rehabilitation plans. AI-driven neurorehabilitation tools help in motor and cognitive recovery, particularly after stroke or traumatic brain injury.

8. Neuromodulation & Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMI)

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): DBS with AI improves efficacy while minimizing side effects by optimizing electrode placement and stimulation parameters for neurological disorders like Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and depression.

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI): AI deciphers neural signals, enabling paralyzed patients to control prosthetic limbs, communicate via thought-based interfaces, or interact with smart devices.

9. AI in neurosurgical education & simulation

Virtual Reality (VR) & AI for training: AI-powered forms of virtual reality simulations allow neurosurgeons to practice complex procedures in a controlled environment, improving surgical skills without risk to patients.

Decision support systems: AI-driven tools provide real-time recommendations during surgery by analyzing vast amounts of medical data, helping neurosurgeons make critical intraoperative decisions with greater confidence.

Molecular analysis and biomarker discovery for neurological disorders

10. AI in molecular pathology and genomic analysis

AI supports molecular pathologists by analyzing complex biological data, including:

  • Mutation patterns: AI-driven tools examine DNA sequences to detect mutations linked to neurological disorders, such as genetic mutations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
  • RNA sequencing analysis: AI models process transcriptomic data to identify differentially expressed genes in neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

11. Biomarker discovery

Biomarkers are measurable indicators of biological processes and disease states. AI helps with biomarker discovery by:

  • Identifying early disease markers: AI detects biomarkers from genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data, enabling early diagnosis of conditions like Parkinson’s, epilepsy, and brain tumors.
  • Predicting treatment response: AI models analyze biomarkers to predict how patients will respond to therapies, such as immunotherapy in multiple sclerosis or precision medicine in epilepsy.

12. Molecular diagnostics for neurological diseases

AI-powered molecular diagnostics aid in diagnosing and monitoring various neurological disorders:

  • Alzheimer’s Disease: AI analyzes blood-based and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins, to increase early detection and disease progression monitoring.
  • Multiple Sclerosis (MS): AI identifies molecular signatures that help distinguish between MS subtypes and predict responses to disease-modifying therapies.
  • Rare neurological diseases: AI accelerates the diagnosis of rare genetic disorders by analyzing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data to identify causative mutations.

Ethical concerns and future directions

The integration of AI in neurological diseases raises considerations around data governance, ethical concerns, and clinical outcome assessments. As AI systems rely on large datasets, ensuring high-quality input data and addressing biases in training data are crucial for reliable clinical applications.

High-quality input data can be achieved by:

  • collecting diverse and well-documented datasets,
  • standardizing data collection methods,
  • and implementing thorough validation processes.

Using multiple data sources, such as electronic health records, imaging scans, and genetic information, can improve the accuracy of AI-driven insights.

To address biases in training data, it is important to:

  • identify gaps in representation,
  • apply bias detection tools,
  • and adjust datasets to reflect the diversity of patient populations.

Training AI models with balanced data from different demographic groups, incorporating fairness-focused algorithms, and regularly assessing model outputs can help reduce disparities in clinical predictions.

Ongoing collaboration between healthcare professionals and data scientists is necessary to ensure AI systems align with clinical needs and do not reinforce existing inequalities in medical care.

Generative AI models and large language models have the potential to further support healthcare providers, assist in analyzing medical images, and contribute to developing personalized treatment strategies for rare neurological disorders.

By prioritizing accurate data collection and ethical AI development, these technologies can enhance diagnostic precision, improve treatment recommendations, and lead to better outcomes for patients with neurological conditions.

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Cem has been the principal analyst at AIMultiple since 2017. AIMultiple informs hundreds of thousands of businesses (as per similarWeb) including 55% of Fortune 500 every month.

Cem's work has been cited by leading global publications including Business Insider, Forbes, Washington Post, global firms like Deloitte, HPE and NGOs like World Economic Forum and supranational organizations like European Commission. You can see more reputable companies and resources that referenced AIMultiple.

Throughout his career, Cem served as a tech consultant, tech buyer and tech entrepreneur. He advised enterprises on their technology decisions at McKinsey & Company and Altman Solon for more than a decade. He also published a McKinsey report on digitalization.

He led technology strategy and procurement of a telco while reporting to the CEO. He has also led commercial growth of deep tech company Hypatos that reached a 7 digit annual recurring revenue and a 9 digit valuation from 0 within 2 years. Cem's work in Hypatos was covered by leading technology publications like TechCrunch and Business Insider.

Cem regularly speaks at international technology conferences. He graduated from Bogazici University as a computer engineer and holds an MBA from Columbia Business School.
Sıla Ermut is an industry analyst at AIMultiple focused on email marketing and sales videos. She previously worked as a recruiter in project management and consulting firms. Sıla holds a Master of Science degree in Social Psychology and a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations.

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